一、电学基本量 | Basic Electrical Quantities
电荷— electric charge —/ɪˈlɛktrɪk tʃɑrdʒ/
电流— current; amperage —/ˈkɜrənt/; /ˈæmpərɪdʒ/
电压— voltage; potential difference —/ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/; /pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈdɪfərəns/
电阻— resistance —/rɪˈzɪstəns/
电导— conductance —/kənˈdʌktəns/
电功率— electric power —/ɪˈlɛktrɪk ˈpaʊər/
电能— electric energy —/ɪˈlɛktrɪk ˈɛnərdʒi/
频率— frequency —/ˈfrikwənsi/
相— phase —/feɪz/
单相— single-phase —/ˈsɪŋɡəl feɪz/
三相— three-phase —/θri feɪz/
直流— DC (Direct Current) —/ˈdi ˈsi/
交流— AC (Alternating Current) —/ˈeɪ ˈsi/
正弦波— sine wave —/saɪn weɪv/
幅值— amplitude —/ˈæmplɪˌtud/
有效值— RMS (Root Mean Square) —/ˈɑr ˈɛm ˈɛs/
峰值— peak value —/pik ˈvælju/
欧姆定律— Ohm's Law —/oʊmz lɔ/
基尔霍夫定律— Kirchhoff's Laws —/ˈkɪrkhɔfs lɔz/
电抗— reactance —/riˈæktəns/
阻抗— impedance —/ɪmˈpidəns/
感抗— inductive reactance —/ɪnˈdʌktɪv riˈæktəns/
容抗— capacitive reactance —/kəˈpæsɪtɪv riˈæktəns/
二、电路与系统 | Circuits & Systems
电路— circuit —/ˈsɜrkɪt/
串联— series —/ˈsɪriz/
并联— parallel —/ˈpærəˌlɛl/
回路— loop; closed circuit —/lup/; /kloʊzd ˈsɜrkɪt/
短路— short circuit —/ʃɔrt ˈsɜrkɪt/
开路— open circuit —/ˈoʊpən ˈsɜrkɪt/
接地— ground; earth —/ɡraʊnd/; /ɜrθ/
中性点— neutral point —/ˈnutrəl pɔɪnt/
星形连接— wye connection; star connection —/waɪ kəˈnɛkʃən/
三角形连接— delta connection —/ˈdɛltə kəˈnɛkʃən/
线电压— line voltage —/laɪn ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/
相电压— phase voltage —/feɪz ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/
线电流— line current —/laɪn ˈkɜrənt/
相电流— phase current —/feɪz ˈkɜrənt/
功率因数— power factor —/ˈpaʊər ˈfæktər/
有功功率— active power; real power —/ˈæktɪv ˈpaʊər/; /ril ˈpaʊər/
无功功率— reactive power —/riˈæktɪv ˈpaʊər/
视在功率— apparent power —/əˈpærənt ˈpaʊər/
谐波— harmonic —/hɑrˈmɑnɪk/
总谐波失真— THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) —/ˈti ˈeɪtʃ ˈdi/
三、电气安全 | Electrical Safety
触电— electric shock —/ɪˈlɛktrɪk ʃɑk/
电击— electrocution —/ɪˌlɛktrəˈkjuʃən/
电弧闪光— arc flash —/ɑrk flæʃ/
电弧爆炸— arc blast —/ɑrk blæst/
安全电压— safe voltage; extra-low voltage —/seɪf ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/
接地系统— grounding system —/ˈɡraʊndɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/
漏电保护— ground fault protection —/ɡraʊnd fɔlt prəˈtɛkʃən/
GFCI— GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) —/ˈdʒi ˈɛf ˈsi ˈaɪ/
绝缘— insulation —/ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/
绝缘电阻— insulation resistance —/ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən rɪˈzɪstəns/
耐压测试— dielectric test; hi-pot test —/ˌdaɪɪˈlɛktrɪk tɛst/; /haɪ pɑt tɛst/
安全距离— approach boundary; clearance —/əˈproʊtʃ ˈbaʊndəri/; /ˈklɪrəns/
上锁挂牌— LOTO (Lockout/Tagout) —/ˈloʊtoʊ/
带电作业— live work; energized work —/laɪv wɜrk/; /ˈɛnərˌdʒaɪzd wɜrk/
电弧防护服— arc-rated clothing; arc flash suit —/ɑrk ˈreɪtɪd ˈkloʊðɪŋ/
绝缘手套— insulating gloves; rubber gloves —/ˈɪnsəˌleɪtɪŋ ɡlʌvz/
四、电气图与符号 | Electrical Drawings & Symbols
单线图— single-line diagram (SLD) —/ˈsɪŋɡəl laɪn ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
三线图— three-line diagram —/θri laɪn ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
原理图— schematic diagram —/skɪˈmætɪk ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
接线图— wiring diagram —/ˈwaɪrɪŋ ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
平面布置图— equipment layout —/ɪˈkwɪpmənt ˈleɪˌaʊt/
电缆敷设图— cable routing diagram —/ˈkeɪbəl ˈrutɪŋ ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
互连接线图— interconnection diagram —/ˌɪntərkəˈnɛkʃən ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
端子排图— terminal block diagram —/ˈtɜrmɪnəl blɑk ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/
电气符号— electrical symbol —/ɪˈlɛktrɪkəl ˈsɪmbəl/
断路器符号— circuit breaker symbol —/ˈsɜrkɪt ˈbreɪkər ˈsɪmbəl/
电缆编号— cable tag; cable ID —/ˈkeɪbəl tæɡ/
设备编号— equipment tag number —/ɪˈkwɪpmənt tæɡ ˈnʌmbər/
五、电气安装基础 | Electrical Installation Basics
电缆— cable —/ˈkeɪbəl/
电线— wire —/waɪr/
导线— conductor —/kənˈdʌktər/
铜芯— copper conductor —/ˈkɑpər kənˈdʌktər/
铝芯— aluminum conductor —/əˈlumɪnəm kənˈdʌktər/
导体截面— conductor cross-section —/kənˈdʌktər ˈkrɔs ˌsɛkʃən/
AWG线规— AWG (American Wire Gauge) —/ˈeɪ ˌdʌbəlju ˈdʒi/
kcmil/MCM截面— kcmil; MCM (thousand circular mils) —/ˈkeɪ ˈsi ˈmɪl/
绝缘层— insulation; jacket —/ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/; /ˈdʒækɪt/
屏蔽层— shield; screen —/ʃild/; /skrin/
铠装— armor —/ˈɑrmər/
端子— terminal —/ˈtɜrmɪnəl/
接线端子— terminal block; connection terminal —/ˈtɜrmɪnəl blɑk/
接线盒— junction box; pull box —/ˈdʒʌŋkʃən bɑks/
电缆桥架— cable tray —/ˈkeɪbəl treɪ/
线槽— conduit; raceway —/ˈkɑnduɪt/; /ˈreɪsˌweɪ/
金属线管— EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing) —/ˈi ˈɛm ˈti/
刚性导管— RMC (Rigid Metal Conduit) —/ˈɑr ˈɛm ˈsi/
PVC导管— PVC conduit —/ˈpi ˈvi ˈsi ˈkɑnduɪt/
弯曲半径— bend radius —/bɛnd ˈreɪdiəs/
穿线— pulling wire; fishing —/ˈpʊlɪŋ waɪr/; /ˈfɪʃɪŋ/
Electrical Fundamentals Training — for New Engineers
Xiao Ma, today I'll walk you through the core electrical concepts on our project. Let's start with the basics — what is an AC three-phase system.
OK. I learned in college — three-phase means three hot wires, each 120 degrees apart, right?
对。我们项目里光伏逆变器输出三相交流690V、60Hz。这是相间电压—— 线电压。相对中性点电压是690 / sqrt(3) ≈ 400V。
Why three-phase instead of single-phase?
Higher efficiency. 同样的导线传递更多功率。三相提供恒定功率—— 不像单相是脉动的。而且三相电机更简单、更可靠、能自启动。
看这张单线图——这是我们光伏电站的单线图。从光伏组件（直流）→汇流 箱→逆变器（直流转交流）→中压变压器（690V升到34.5kV）→集电线路→主 升压站（34.5kV升到230kV）→电网。
How is transformer capacity calculated? I see both MVA and MW in the specs.
Great question. MVA is apparent power, MW is active power. The relationship is: MW = MVA × power factor. For our 100 MVA main transformer at 0.9 power factor, that's 90 MW of active power.
Reactive power is measured in MVAR. Inductive equipment needs reactive power to build magnetic fields — motors, transformers all need it. That's why we have capacitor banks for reactive compensation, to bring the power factor back up. If PF is too low, the grid operator will penalize us.
Got it. One more thing — what about harmonics?
谐波失真——非线性负载会在基波频率的整数倍产生电流。逆变器是主要来 源。我们指标要求THD——总谐波失真——在并网点小于3%，按IEEE 519标准。 We use harmonic filters to meet this.
Electrical Room — LOTO Procedure Before Maintenance Work
Xiao Liu, today we're doing maintenance on Inverter #5 — replacing an IGBT module. Let's walk through the LOTO procedure first.
OK. LOTO is Lockout/Tagout.
Right. The key principle: isolate ALL energy sources — electrical, mechanical, stored energy. Not just cutting power — every form of energy must be released or locked out.
I'll be your auditor. First tell me — which breaker feeds Inverter #5?
（查单线图）逆变器#5由开关柜SG-B、断路器B-12供电，在690V母线上。
好。第1步：断开断路器B-12。第2步：目视确认触点分离——别信指示灯。 第3步：用万用表测——有电-无电-有电测试。第4步：在断路器手柄上挂你的 个人锁和挂牌。第5步：尝试合闸——确认合不上。
Testing downstream of B-12 now. First test a known live bus — 690V, meter reads 690V, proves the meter works. Now test downstream of B-12 — 0V. Back to known live bus — 690V, meter is still good. Confirmed de-energized.
Well done. But let me ask you — what about the DC link capacitors in the inverter? That's stored energy. After disconnecting, capacitors can hold charge for several minutes.
一点没错。这是大家最容易忘的一步。2.5MW逆变器的直流支撑电容非常 大，存储高达1500V直流。断开断路器后，必须等15分钟让放电电阻泄放电 容。然后用万用表测——电容端子之间的直流电压低于50V后才能打开面板。
Understood. It's been 15 minutes — DC voltage is now 12V. Safe. I'm applying my lock... lock is on, tag is on — it says my name, date, and reason: "Inverter IGBT replacement." Trying to close the breaker — won't close, locked out.
LOTO procedure correctly executed. Work is approved. Xiao Liu, lock and tag stay on during the entire maintenance. Only you can remove it — key stays with you at all times.