模板工程
一、模板基础 | Formwork Fundamentals
二、模板构件 | Formwork Components
三、模板设计与计算 | Formwork Design
四、模板施工 | Formwork Construction
五、模板检查 | Formwork Inspection
Foundation Formwork — Erection and Alignment
Zhou, we're about to set forms for the MV switchgear foundation. It's a 20-foot by 12-foot pad, 18 inches thick. What's your formwork plan?
周工，我们要立中压开关柜基础的模板了。20英尺×12英尺的基础，18 英寸厚。模板方案是什么？
周工: We're using 3/4-inch plywood sheathing with 2×4 studs at 16 inches on center. Double 2×4 walers at top and bottom. The forms are braced with 2×4 kickers every 4 feet — staked into the ground.
我们用3/4英寸胶合板面板配2×4竖楞，间距16英寸。上下各设双2×4横楞。 模板用2×4斜撑每隔4英尺一道——打入地面固定。
What's the pour rate going to be? That affects the lateral pressure on the forms.
浇筑速度是多少？这影响模板侧压力。
周工: We'll pour at 4 feet per hour — slow pour. At that rate, the lateral pressure is about 600 psf per ACI 347. The form design is good for 750 psf, so we have a 25% margin.
我们每小时浇筑4英尺——慢浇。按ACI 347这个速度侧压力约600 psf。模 板设计承压750 psf，有25%裕量。
木工工长: Zhou, the plywood is cut to size. We're applying the form release agent now — two coats of petroleum-based release agent. The forms will be marked with the foundation ID and pour date.
周工，胶合板已裁好。正在刷隔离剂——两道油基隔离剂。模板上标了基础 编号和浇筑日期。
周工: Before you set the forms, double-check that the rebar cage isn't touching the ground — we need 2 inches of bottom cover. The chairs and bolsters should be already in place.
立模板之前，再确认一下钢筋笼没贴地——我们需要2英寸底部保护层。垫块 和支撑筋应该已经就位了。
木工工长: Already checked. All chairs are properly spaced — no sagging. Ready to set the side forms.
已经查过了。所有垫块间距合适——没有下垂。可以立侧模了。
(during form setting) Side forms are up. I'm plumbing the corners with a 4-foot level... northwest corner is plumb. Northeast: plumb. Southeast: needs to come in 1/8 inch. Adjusting...
（立模中）侧模立好了。用4英尺水平尺校垂直……西北角垂直。东北角： 垂直。东南角：要往里挪1/8英寸。调整中……
Now check the top of form elevation. Finished grade of this pad is elevation 100.50. The top of form should be exactly 100.50.
现在查模板顶高程。这个基础的完成面标高是100.50。模板顶应正好是 100.50。
周工: (shooting with auto-level) Reading the level rod... top of form on north side: 100.51 — 0.01 foot high. South side: 100.50. East side: 100.49. Average is right on. I'll have the carpenter tap down the north side slightly.
（用水准仪观测）水准尺读数……北侧模板顶：100.51——高了0.01英尺。 南侧：100.50。东侧：100.49。平均正好。我让木工把北侧稍微敲下去一点。
And the dimensions? Let's check the diagonal.
尺寸呢？查一下对角线。
周工: Diagonal northwest to southeast should be sqrt(20² + 12²) = 23.324 feet. Measured: 23.330 feet. Other diagonal: 23.327 feet. Difference is 0.003 feet — about 1/32 inch. That's excellent squareness.
西北到东南对角线理论值sqrt(20² + 12²) = 23.324英尺。实测：23.330 英尺。另一对角线：23.327英尺。差0.003英尺——大约1/32英寸。方正度非常 好。
Good. One last thing — the anchor bolt blockouts. Are they in the right position per the setting drawing?
好。最后一项——锚栓预留孔。位置按安装图对了吗？
周工: (measuring from grid lines) All 12 anchor bolt sleeves are within 1/8 inch of design position. The blockouts are wrapped in foam to prevent concrete from getting in. Approved to pour.
（从网格线量测）全部12个锚栓套管在设计位置的1/8英寸范围内。预留孔 用泡沫包裹防止进混凝土。批准浇筑。
Wall Formwork — Erection, Pour, and Stripping
Torres，接下来是升压站墙体——14英尺高、10英寸厚、60英尺长。一次浇 筑。模板系统是什么？
杨工: Torres, the substation walls are next — 14 feet high, 10 inches thick, 60 feet long. This is a single-pour wall. What's your formwork system? We're using a gang form system — steel-framed plywood panels, 4 feet wide by 8 feet tall. We'll stack two panels high to get 16 feet of form for the 14-foot wall. Steel walers and high-strength form ties at 2-foot centers.
我们用大模板系统——钢框胶合板，4英尺宽×8英尺高。两层叠起来16英尺 模板，用于14英尺墙。钢横楞和高强度对拉螺栓，间距2英尺。
杨工: The pour rate?
浇筑速度？
6 feet per hour. At that rate with 70°F concrete temperature, the lateral form pressure is about 950 psf. Our ties are rated at 3,000 lbs safe working load, at 2-foot by 2-foot spacing that handles 750 psf per tie — but we're using ties at 2-foot by 16-inch spacing vertically near the bottom where pressure is highest.
每小时6英尺。这个速度和混凝土70°F温度下，侧压力约950 psf。我们的 对拉螺栓额定允许荷载3000磅，按2英尺×2英尺间距每根承担750 psf——但在 底部压力最大的区域，我们竖向间距缩小到16英寸。
I want to see the tie cones and water stops if these are penetrating ties.
如果是对穿螺栓，我要看锥形套管和止水片。
These are through-ties with PVC sleeves and plastic cones. After stripping, we pull the cones, cut the tie ends back half an inch, and patch with non-shrink grout. The sleeves stay in — they're not a water path since this is above grade.
这些都是对穿螺栓，带PVC套管和塑料锥形头。拆模后拔掉锥形头，螺栓端部 切掉半英寸，用无收缩灌浆料补平。套管留在里面——这个在地上，不形成水 路。
OK. Before the pour, I need to check the wall alignment and the openings — you have two door blockouts and four conduit blockouts.
好。浇筑前我要检查墙的轴线对齐和预留洞口——你们有两个门洞和四个穿 管洞口。
杨工: Door openings are framed with 2×12 lumber, braced diagonally. Conduit blockouts are 4-inch PVC sleeves strapped to the rebar. Let me verify the locations.
门洞用2×12木方封边，对角支撑。穿管洞口是4英寸PVC套管，绑扎在钢筋 上。我核实一下位置。
(measuring) Door #1: 4 feet from grid A-1 — correct. Door #2: 12 feet from grid C-1 — correct. All sleeves within spec.
（测量）门#1：距A-1网格线4英尺——正确。门#2：距C-1网格线12英尺—— 正确。所有套管在规格内。
(After the pour — 18 hours later) 杨工: Torres, the concrete cylinders broke at 1,200 psi this morning at 18 hours. The spec requires 500 psi minimum for vertical form stripping per ACI 347. We're good to strip.
Torres，今早18小时的混凝土试块强度1200 psi。规范按ACI 347要求 竖向模板拆模最低500 psi。可以拆模了。
OK. Crew, strip the forms — start from the top and work down. Don't pry against the concrete — use the form release wedges first. If a panel sticks, use a rubber mallet, not a sledgehammer.
好。班组，拆模——从上往下拆。别直接撬混凝土——先用拆模楔子。如果 面板粘住了，用橡皮锤，别用大锤。
(After stripping) Wall surface looks good. No honeycombing, no blowouts, minimal tie-hole blemishes. The wall is plumb within 1/8 inch over 14 feet.
（拆模后）墙面效果不错。没有蜂窝麻面、没有爆模、对拉孔痕迹极少。 14英尺高墙体垂直度在1/8英寸以内。
I'll document this as a successful pour. Mark any minor blemishes for patching. Overall — good work, team.
我把这个记录为成功浇筑。标记需要修补的小瑕疵。总的来说——干得不错， 团队。